Results

Reliability Analysis PAS

Scale Reliability Statistics
	Cronbach's α
scale	0.788
[3]

Item Reliability Statistics
	Item-rest correlation
PAS1	0.682
PAS2	0.673
PAS3	0.634
PAS4	0.614
PAS5	0.304

Structural Equation Modelling PAS

Models Info

Estimation Method	DWLS	.
Optimization Method	NLMINB
Number of observations	209
Free parameters	25
Standard errors	Robust
Scaled test	Mean adjusted scaled and shifted
Converged	TRUE
Iterations	14
Iterations	14
Model	PAS=~PAS1+PAS2+PAS3+PAS4+PAS5


Note. Variable (PAS1,PAS2,PAS3,PAS4,PAS5) has been coerced to ordered type.
Note. lavaan->lav_model_vcov(): The variance-covariance matrix of the estimated parameters (vcov) does not appear to be positive definite! The smallest eigenvalue (= -6.621935e-17) is smaller than zero. This may be a symptom that the model is not identified.
[4] [5]

Overall Tests

Model tests
Label	X²	df	p
User Model	51.153	5	<.001
Baseline Model	5981.501	10	<.001
Scaled User	64.077	5	<.001
Scaled Baseline	4295.709	10	<.001

Fit indices
			95% Confidence Intervals
Type	SRMR	RMSEA	Lower	Upper	RMSEA p
Classical	0.097	0.211	0.161	0.265	<.001
Robust	0.063	0.298	0.218	0.385	<.001
Scaled	0.063	0.238	0.188	0.292	<.001

User model versus baseline model
	Model	Scaled	Robust
Comparative Fit Index (CFI)	0.992	0.986	0.871
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)	0.985	0.972	0.742
Bentler-Bonett Non-normed Fit Index (NNFI)	0.985	0.972	0.742
Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI)	0.992	0.986	0.871
Bentler-Bonett Normed Fit Index (NFI)	0.991	0.985
Bollen's Relative Fit Index (RFI)	0.983	0.970
Bollen's Incremental Fit Index (IFI)	0.992	0.986
Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI)	0.496	0.493

Additional fit indices
	Model
Hoelter Critical N (CN), α=0.05	46.015
Hoelter Critical N (CN), α=0.01	62.344
Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)	0.993
Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI)	0.959
Parsimony Goodness of Fit Index (PGFI)	0.166
McDonald Fit Index (MFI)	0.895
Expected Cross-Validation Index (ECVI)	.
Loglikelihood user model (H0)	.
Loglikelihood unrestricted model (H1)	.
Akaike (AIC)	.
Bayesian (BIC)	.
Sample-size adjusted Bayesian (SABIC)	.

Estimates

Measurement model
				95% Confidence Intervals
Latent	Observed	Estimate	SE	Lower	Upper	β	z	p
PAS	PAS1	1.000	0.000	1.000	1.000	0.961
	PAS2	0.988	0.034	0.922	1.055	0.950	29.130	<.001
	PAS3	-0.802	0.034	-0.868	-0.736	-0.771	-23.817	<.001
	PAS4	-0.708	0.042	-0.790	-0.626	-0.681	-16.925	<.001
	PAS5	-0.386	0.057	-0.497	-0.275	-0.371	-6.824	<.001

Variances and Covariances
				95% Confidence Intervals
Variable 1	Variable 2	Estimate	SE	Lower	Upper	β	z	p
PAS1	PAS1	0.076	0.000	0.076	0.076	0.076
PAS2	PAS2	0.098	0.000	0.098	0.098	0.098
PAS3	PAS3	0.405	0.000	0.405	0.405	0.405
PAS4	PAS4	0.536	0.000	0.536	0.536	0.536
PAS5	PAS5	0.862	0.000	0.862	0.862	0.862
PAS	PAS	0.924	0.034	0.857	0.991	1.000	27.110	<.001

Intercepts
			95% Confidence Intervals
Variable	Intercept	SE	Lower	Upper	z	p
PAS1	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
PAS2	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
PAS3	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
PAS4	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
PAS5	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
PAS	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000

Thresholds
				95% Confidence Intervals
Variable	Step	Thresholds	SE	Lower	Upper	z	p
PAS1	t1	0.030	0.087	-0.140	0.200	0.345	0.730
PAS1	t2	0.855	0.100	0.660	1.050	8.596	<.001
PAS1	t3	1.771	0.160	1.457	2.085	11.068	<.001
PAS1	t4	2.343	0.263	1.827	2.859	8.901	<.001
PAS2	t1	0.006	0.087	-0.164	0.176	0.069	0.945
PAS2	t2	0.873	0.100	0.677	1.069	8.722	<.001
PAS2	t3	1.979	0.188	1.610	2.347	10.519	<.001
PAS2	t4	2.343	0.263	1.827	2.859	8.901	<.001
PAS3	t1	-2.187	0.226	-2.631	-1.744	-9.671	<.001
PAS3	t2	-1.463	0.131	-1.719	-1.206	-11.187	<.001
PAS3	t3	-0.078	0.087	-0.249	0.092	-0.897	0.370
PAS3	t4	0.945	0.103	0.744	1.146	9.214	<.001
PAS4	t1	-2.187	0.226	-2.631	-1.744	-9.671	<.001
PAS4	t2	-1.365	0.124	-1.608	-1.122	-11.027	<.001
PAS4	t3	-0.323	0.089	-0.497	-0.150	-3.651	<.001
PAS4	t4	0.984	0.104	0.780	1.187	9.453	<.001
PAS5	t1	-1.620	0.144	-1.902	-1.337	-11.240	<.001
PAS5	t2	-0.984	0.104	-1.187	-0.780	-9.453	<.001
PAS5	t3	-0.054	0.087	-0.224	0.116	-0.621	0.535
PAS5	t4	0.890	0.101	0.693	1.088	8.846	<.001

Additional outputs

Reliability indices
Variable	α	Ordinal α	ω₁	ω₂	ω₃	AVE
PAS	-0.144	-0.396	0.118	0.118	0.075	0.604
[6]

Modifcation indices

Modification indices
			Modif. index	EPC	sEPC (LV)	sEPC (all)	sEPC (nox)
PAS1	~~	PAS2	31.001	-0.489	-0.489	-5.681	-5.681
PAS4	~~	PAS5	27.666	-0.321	-0.321	-0.472	-0.472
PAS3	~~	PAS4	15.996	-0.213	-0.213	-0.458	-0.458
PAS2	~~	PAS4	12.906	-0.271	-0.271	-1.185	-1.185
PAS1	~~	PAS4	11.607	-0.250	-0.250	-1.240	-1.240

Path Model

Path diagrams

[7]

Reliability Analysis MIH

Scale Reliability Statistics
	Cronbach's α
scale	0.912
[3]

Item Reliability Statistics
		If item dropped
	Item-rest correlation	Cronbach's α
MIH1	0.685	0.903
MIH2	0.530	0.909
MIH3	0.608	0.906
MIH4	0.555	0.908
MIH5	0.673	0.904
MIH6	0.587	0.907
MIH7	0.396	0.915
MIH8	0.769	0.900
MIH9	0.598	0.907
MIH10	0.596	0.907
MIH11	0.642	0.905
MIH12	0.758	0.901
MIH13	0.756	0.901
MIH14	0.649	0.905

Structural Equation Modelling

Models Info

Estimation Method	DWLS	.
Optimization Method	NLMINB
Number of observations	209
Free parameters	70
Standard errors	Robust
Scaled test	Mean adjusted scaled and shifted
Converged	TRUE
Iterations	31
Iterations	31
Model	MIH=~MIH1+MIH2+MIH3+MIH4+MIH5+MIH6+MIH7+MIH8+MIH9+MIH10+MIH11+MIH12+MIH13+MIH14


Note. Variable (MIH1,MIH2,MIH3,MIH4,MIH5,MIH6,MIH7,MIH8,MIH9,MIH10,MIH11,MIH12,MIH13,MIH14) has been coerced to ordered type.
[4] [5]

Overall Tests

Model tests
Label	X²	df	p
User Model	447.211	77	<.001
Baseline Model	13888.599	91	<.001
Scaled User	586.072	77	<.001
Scaled Baseline	4584.897	91	<.001

Fit indices
			95% Confidence Intervals
Type	SRMR	RMSEA	Lower	Upper	RMSEA p
Classical	0.087	0.152	0.139	0.166	<.001
Robust	0.070	0.166	0.152	0.181	<.001
Scaled	0.070	0.178	0.165	0.192	<.001

User model versus baseline model
	Model	Scaled	Robust
Comparative Fit Index (CFI)	0.973	0.887	0.778
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)	0.968	0.866	0.738
Bentler-Bonett Non-normed Fit Index (NNFI)	0.968	0.866	0.738
Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI)	0.973	0.887	0.778
Bentler-Bonett Normed Fit Index (NFI)	0.968	0.872
Bollen's Relative Fit Index (RFI)	0.962	0.849
Bollen's Incremental Fit Index (IFI)	0.973	0.887
Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI)	0.819	0.738

Additional fit indices
	Model
Hoelter Critical N (CN), α=0.05	46.806
Hoelter Critical N (CN), α=0.01	51.590
Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)	0.975
Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI)	0.953
Parsimony Goodness of Fit Index (PGFI)	0.511
McDonald Fit Index (MFI)	0.411
Expected Cross-Validation Index (ECVI)	.
Loglikelihood user model (H0)	.
Loglikelihood unrestricted model (H1)	.
Akaike (AIC)	.
Bayesian (BIC)	.
Sample-size adjusted Bayesian (SABIC)	.

Estimates

Measurement model
				95% Confidence Intervals
Latent	Observed	Estimate	SE	Lower	Upper	β	z	p
MIH	MIH1	1.000	0.000	1.000	1.000	0.731
	MIH2	0.783	0.058	0.670	0.896	0.572	13.552	<.001
	MIH3	0.913	0.052	0.812	1.014	0.667	17.687	<.001
	MIH4	-0.873	0.056	-0.983	-0.763	-0.638	-15.522	<.001
	MIH5	-1.008	0.045	-1.097	-0.919	-0.737	-22.294	<.001
	MIH6	1.002	0.043	0.917	1.087	0.733	23.052	<.001
	MIH7	-0.574	0.070	-0.711	-0.437	-0.420	-8.210	<.001
	MIH8	1.146	0.048	1.052	1.240	0.838	23.824	<.001
	MIH9	-0.935	0.054	-1.041	-0.829	-0.683	-17.246	<.001
	MIH10	1.006	0.048	0.912	1.099	0.735	21.117	<.001
	MIH11	-0.927	0.047	-1.019	-0.834	-0.677	-19.601	<.001
	MIH12	1.230	0.051	1.130	1.330	0.899	24.097	<.001
	MIH13	1.229	0.053	1.126	1.332	0.899	23.399	<.001
	MIH14	0.980	0.051	0.880	1.080	0.717	19.231	<.001

Variances and Covariances
				95% Confidence Intervals
Variable 1	Variable 2	Estimate	SE	Lower	Upper	β	z	p
MIH1	MIH1	0.465	0.000	0.465	0.465	0.465
MIH2	MIH2	0.672	0.000	0.672	0.672	0.672
MIH3	MIH3	0.555	0.000	0.555	0.555	0.555
MIH4	MIH4	0.593	0.000	0.593	0.593	0.593
MIH5	MIH5	0.457	0.000	0.457	0.457	0.457
MIH6	MIH6	0.463	0.000	0.463	0.463	0.463
MIH7	MIH7	0.824	0.000	0.824	0.824	0.824
MIH8	MIH8	0.298	0.000	0.298	0.298	0.298
MIH9	MIH9	0.533	0.000	0.533	0.533	0.533
MIH10	MIH10	0.459	0.000	0.459	0.459	0.459
MIH11	MIH11	0.541	0.000	0.541	0.541	0.541
MIH12	MIH12	0.192	0.000	0.192	0.192	0.192
MIH13	MIH13	0.192	0.000	0.192	0.192	0.192
MIH14	MIH14	0.486	0.000	0.486	0.486	0.486
MIH	MIH	0.535	0.044	0.448	0.621	1.000	12.060	<.001

Intercepts
			95% Confidence Intervals
Variable	Intercept	SE	Lower	Upper	z	p
MIH1	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH2	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH3	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH4	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH5	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH6	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH7	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH8	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH9	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH10	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH11	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH12	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH13	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH14	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
MIH	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000

Thresholds
				95% Confidence Intervals
Variable	Step	Thresholds	SE	Lower	Upper	z	p
MIH1	t1	-1.771	0.160	-2.085	-1.457	-11.068	<.001
MIH1	t2	-0.873	0.100	-1.069	-0.677	-8.722	<.001
MIH1	t3	0.187	0.087	0.016	0.358	2.138	0.033
MIH1	t4	1.153	0.112	0.935	1.372	10.339	<.001
MIH2	t1	-1.499	0.134	-1.760	-1.237	-11.221	<.001
MIH2	t2	-0.805	0.098	-0.997	-0.613	-8.215	<.001
MIH2	t3	0.323	0.089	0.150	0.497	3.651	<.001
MIH2	t4	1.306	0.120	1.071	1.542	10.884	<.001
MIH3	t1	-1.716	0.154	-2.018	-1.415	-11.154	<.001
MIH3	t2	-0.964	0.103	-1.167	-0.762	-9.334	<.001
MIH3	t3	0.054	0.087	-0.116	0.224	0.621	0.535
MIH3	t4	1.201	0.114	0.978	1.425	10.536	<.001
MIH4	t1	-1.396	0.126	-1.643	-1.149	-11.089	<.001
MIH4	t2	-0.562	0.092	-0.742	-0.381	-6.103	<.001
MIH4	t3	0.480	0.091	0.302	0.657	5.291	<.001
MIH4	t4	1.153	0.112	0.935	1.372	10.339	<.001
MIH5	t1	-1.065	0.107	-1.275	-0.854	-9.912	<.001
MIH5	t2	-0.066	0.087	-0.236	0.104	-0.759	0.448
MIH5	t3	0.927	0.102	0.727	1.126	9.093	<.001
MIH5	t4	1.577	0.140	1.302	1.852	11.249	<.001
MIH6	t1	-1.177	0.113	-1.398	-0.956	-10.439	<.001
MIH6	t2	-0.619	0.093	-0.802	-0.436	-6.640	<.001
MIH6	t3	0.236	0.088	0.064	0.408	2.689	0.007
MIH6	t4	1.003	0.105	0.798	1.209	9.570	<.001
MIH7	t1	-0.224	0.088	-0.396	-0.052	-2.551	0.011
MIH7	t2	0.466	0.090	0.289	0.643	5.155	<.001
MIH7	t3	1.086	0.108	0.874	1.298	10.023	<.001
MIH7	t4	1.429	0.128	1.177	1.680	11.142	<.001
MIH8	t1	-1.130	0.110	-1.347	-0.914	-10.236	<.001
MIH8	t2	-0.507	0.091	-0.685	-0.328	-5.562	<.001
MIH8	t3	0.756	0.097	0.567	0.945	7.828	<.001
MIH8	t4	1.577	0.140	1.302	1.852	11.249	<.001
MIH9	t1	-1.620	0.144	-1.902	-1.337	-11.240	<.001
MIH9	t2	-0.984	0.104	-1.187	-0.780	-9.453	<.001
MIH9	t3	0.298	0.088	0.125	0.471	3.376	<.001
MIH9	t4	1.226	0.115	1.000	1.452	10.630	<.001
MIH10	t1	-1.306	0.120	-1.542	-1.071	-10.884	<.001
MIH10	t2	-0.562	0.092	-0.742	-0.381	-6.103	<.001
MIH10	t3	0.362	0.089	0.187	0.536	4.062	<.001
MIH10	t4	1.177	0.113	0.956	1.398	10.439	<.001
MIH11	t1	-1.177	0.113	-1.398	-0.956	-10.439	<.001
MIH11	t2	-0.336	0.089	-0.510	-0.162	-3.788	<.001
MIH11	t3	0.562	0.092	0.381	0.742	6.103	<.001
MIH11	t4	1.201	0.114	0.978	1.425	10.536	<.001
MIH12	t1	-1.832	0.167	-2.160	-1.504	-10.943	<.001
MIH12	t2	-0.890	0.101	-1.088	-0.693	-8.846	<.001
MIH12	t3	0.211	0.088	0.040	0.383	2.414	0.016
MIH12	t4	1.429	0.128	1.177	1.680	11.142	<.001
MIH13	t1	-1.666	0.149	-1.957	-1.375	-11.210	<.001
MIH13	t2	-0.873	0.100	-1.069	-0.677	-8.722	<.001
MIH13	t3	0.286	0.088	0.113	0.459	3.239	0.001
MIH13	t4	1.396	0.126	1.149	1.643	11.089	<.001
MIH14	t1	-1.130	0.110	-1.347	-0.914	-10.236	<.001
MIH14	t2	-0.413	0.090	-0.589	-0.238	-4.609	<.001
MIH14	t3	0.709	0.095	0.522	0.896	7.436	<.001
MIH14	t4	1.620	0.144	1.337	1.902	11.240	<.001

Additional outputs

Reliability indices
Variable	α	Ordinal α	ω₁	ω₂	ω₃	AVE
MIH	0.258	0.349	0.573	0.573	0.550	0.519
[6]

Modifcation indices

Modification indices
			Modif. index	EPC	sEPC (LV)	sEPC (all)	sEPC (nox)
MIH6	~~	MIH10	238.295	-0.498	-0.498	-1.079	-1.079
MIH12	~~	MIH13	70.164	-0.257	-0.257	-1.339	-1.339
MIH4	~~	MIH9	36.788	-0.262	-0.262	-0.465	-0.465
MIH10	~~	MIH12	17.575	0.214	0.214	0.721	0.721
MIH10	~~	MIH13	16.522	0.200	0.200	0.672	0.672
MIH8	~~	MIH9	13.443	0.144	0.144	0.362	0.362
MIH1	~~	MIH2	13.260	-0.174	-0.174	-0.311	-0.311
MIH4	~~	MIH5	11.024	-0.164	-0.164	-0.315	-0.315
MIH6	~~	MIH12	10.786	0.159	0.159	0.535	0.535
MIH4	~~	MIH6	10.747	-0.213	-0.213	-0.407	-0.407
MIH6	~~	MIH8	10.480	0.172	0.172	0.462	0.462

Path Model

Path diagrams

[7]

References

[1] The jamovi project (2024). jamovi. (Version 2.6) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org.

[2] R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. (Version 4.4) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org. (R packages retrieved from CRAN snapshot 2024-08-07).

[3] Revelle, W. (2023). psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. [R package]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=psych.

[4] Gallucci, M., Jentschke, S. (2021). SEMLj: jamovi SEM Analysis. [jamovi module]. For help please visit https://semlj.github.io/.

[5] Rosseel, Y. (2019). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. link.

[6] Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., Rosseel, Y., Miller, P., Quick, C., Garnier-Villarreal, M., Selig, J., Boulton, A., Preacher, K., Coffman, D., Rhemtulla, M., Robitzsch, A., Enders, C., Arslan, R., Clinton, B., Panko, P., Merkle, E., Chesnut, S., Byrnes, J., Rights, J. D., Longo, Y., Mansolf, M., Ben-Shachar, M. S., Rönkkö, M. (2019). semTools: Useful Tools for Structural Equation Modeling. [R Package]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools.

[7] Epskamp S. , Stuber S., Nak J., Veenman M,, Jorgensen T.D. (2019). semPlot: Path Diagrams and Visual Analysis of Various SEM Packages' Output. [R Package]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semPlot.